World Wide Web
Internet before the Web
In the 80s and early 90s, when the Internet was used by only a small number of researchers, looks much different than today. The main applications were then E-Mail and Newsgroups (= discussion groups) plus various routines for searching and file transfer mechanisms.
It was a UNIX world, where all communication existed only as text or numbers, and lines of command to be saved and printed.
When e-mail, especially programs for searching and file transfer have to face more complex requirements, new navigators were developed. Software for each must be obtained and configured separately. Use each to be taught. In short: because metalanguage very difficult, using the Internet at that time was restricted to a small group of people from universities and research institutes. The big change began when Tim Berners Lee at CERN (European Centre for Nuclear Physics) in Geneva in 1989 founded the first prototype development of the World Wide Web (WWW or 3W). Tim Berners Lee – inventor of the World Wide Web
WWW Overview
As usual in the history of the Internet, the initial purpose of the WWW was quite limited. Was intended to be an internal communication platform for researchers from around the world working for CERN. The main task was to provide a system, linking platform variety of different computers.
The solution is based on the idea of linking documents via “hypertext.”
Hypertext is to mark text strings or other objects and connect them with other objects that may be physically far away from the original object. When the link is selected, one can “jump” to the linked document. In this way it is possible to connect an unlimited number of documents to each other in a hierarchical structure of our website. To distinguish these documents and find them, each has a unique address. This is the Unique Resource Locator (URL). URLs consist of a transmission protocol (if it is WWW Hypertext Transfer Protocol – http), followed by www (in most cases) and domain (e.g. server name and page name). It looks like this: http://www.central.ucv.ro/index.html.
The first version of software to browse the WWW, so-called “browsers” tradition still followed the original Internet – were text only. The system remained basically unfriendly to users.
In September 1992 there were more than 20 Web server worldwide.
The current system but gradually pushing these browsers to the edges of the Internet, especially through Internet Service Providers s policy. For example, the top six ISPs in the U.S. each have more than one million subscribers, of which only AOL has 11 million. Of these four ISPs only offer Internet Explorer as a browser that offers Internet Explorer by default, but enable and other browsers offer only one offers the consumer browser required. So other browsers, many of them 5-10 years old and played practical role in Internet history. Here are some details about some of these browsers:
Chimera – works on UNIX systems with X-windows interface. It’s completely EMAC-Lisp support frames, CSS, tables, fonts, everything you are going through a style sheet defined in the default browser and can be set to other parameters, the VMS platform.
HotJava – Produced by Sun and works mainly on Solaris operating systems, small and relatively compact size makes rendering text using the Java virtual machine, customizable, and is written with Java technology.
Arena – Originally developed by the W3C as a tester for technologies which it approves. On December 17. 1997 has been assigned exclusive for maintenance and development group Yggdrasil, was developed as a GNU public license so it can be modified, sold etc. Originally appeared on free Unix platforms (Linux and FreeBSD) and then through the X-Windows emulate Pearl Software was passed to Windows. Practically the first graphical browser, first to support tables and CSS.
Opera – Open multiple windows without loading especially memory, redirect output from one window to another image on / off at the window, without all of Hotlist with just two mouse clicks and keyboard navigation, respects HTML specifications exactly, but only for some HMTL 2.0 and HTML.
Lynx browser still exists today:
Radical change to the product when NCSA (National Centre for Supercomputing Applications) in the USA out “Mosaic” browser in 1993, which was based on a graphical interface (Windows).
First Mosaic browser interface. So far no major change occurred in the line of your browser! Mosaic was released simultaneously on Apple Macintosh platforms, the systems using MS-Windows and Unix X Windows ones. Already in October, following the use of Mosaic for X Windows, the number of registered Web servers at CERN had risen to 500. A year later 4600 were estimated servers. Already in August 1994, Internet Web traffic through the central node of the NSF has exceeded e-mail traffic, when in March it exceeded the Gopher to reach the top services. In 1995 an estimated 12,000 servers, in 1997 – 800 000, and in June 1999, OCLC estimated 2.2 million publicly accessible servers from a total of 3.6 million Web servers, making them publicly available over 300 million pages individual Web. But the Web did not just grow. Also, the possibilities of this data has increased dramatically. Soon pictures and animations have appeared on websites, followed by sounds. Only a small step was necessary to bring catalogues, directories and order forms on websites. In closing, I want to say that the Internet does not belong to anyone, but suppliers have monopolized the market and charges in exchange for browsing or data transfer.11